Lu, Chien-Lin and Zheng, Cai-Mei and Lu, Kuo-Cheng and Liao, Min-Tser and Wu, Kun-Lin and Ma, Ming-Chieh (2021) Indoxyl-Sulfate-Induced Redox Imbalance in Chronic Kidney Disease. Antioxidants, 10 (6). p. 936. ISSN 2076-3921
![[thumbnail of antioxidants-10-00936.pdf]](http://science.oadigitallibraries.com/style/images/fileicons/text.png)
antioxidants-10-00936.pdf - Published Version
Download (2MB)
Abstract
The accumulation of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) induces target organ damage in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, and causes complications including cardiovascular diseases, renal osteodystrophy, muscle wasting, and anemia. IS stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in CKD, which impairs glomerular filtration by a direct cytotoxic effect on the mesangial cells. IS further reduces antioxidant capacity in renal proximal tubular cells and contributes to tubulointerstitial injury. IS-induced ROS formation triggers the switching of vascular smooth muscular cells to the osteoblastic phenotype, which induces cardiovascular risk. Low-turnover bone disease seen in early CKD relies on the inhibitory effects of IS on osteoblast viability and differentiation, and osteoblastic signaling via the parathyroid hormone. Excessive ROS and inflammatory cytokine releases caused by IS directly inhibit myocyte growth in muscle wasting via myokines’ effects. Moreover, IS triggers eryptosis via ROS-mediated oxidative stress, and elevates hepcidin levels in order to prevent iron flux in circulation in renal anemia. Thus, IS-induced oxidative stress underlies the mechanisms in CKD-related complications. This review summarizes the underlying mechanisms of how IS mediates oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of CKD’s complications. Furthermore, we also discuss the potential role of oral AST-120 in attenuating IS-mediated oxidative stress after gastrointestinal adsorption of the IS precursor indole.
Item Type: | Article |
---|---|
Subjects: | Academics Guard > Agricultural and Food Science |
Depositing User: | Unnamed user with email support@academicsguard.com |
Date Deposited: | 22 Jun 2024 09:33 |
Last Modified: | 22 Jun 2024 09:33 |
URI: | http://science.oadigitallibraries.com/id/eprint/1395 |